Fundamentals of Hydraulic Engineering Systems

Abstract

This book provides a fundamental treatment of engineering hydraulics. It is primarily intended to serve as a textbook for undergraduate engineering students. However, it will serve as a very useful desk reference for practicing engineers who want to review basic principles and their applications in hydraulic engineering systems. Engineering hydraulics is an extension of fluid mechanics in which many empirical relationships are applied and simplifying assumptions made to achieve practical engineering solutions. Experience has shown that many engineering students, possibly well versed in basic fluid mechanics, have trouble solving practical problems in hydraulics. This book is intended to bridge the gap between fundamental principles and the techniques applied to the design and analysis of hydraulic engineering systems. As such, the reader is exposed to many problems commonly encountered in practice and various solution scenarios including effective design procedures, equations, graphs/tables, and computer software that can be used to advantage. This book contains twelve chapters. The first five chapters cover the fundamentals of fluid statics, fluid dynamics, and pipe flow. The first chapter discusses fundamental properties of water as a fluid. In this chapter, the basic differences between the SI system (Le Système International d’Unitès) and British units are discussed. The second chapter presents the concepts of water pressure and pressure forces on surfaces in contact with liquids. Chapter 3 introduces the basic principles of water flow in pipes. These principles are applied to the practical problems Preface xii Preface of pipelines and pipe networks in Chapter 4 with an emphasis on hydraulic systems. Chapter 5 discusses the theory, analysis, and design aspects of water pumps. The systems approach is again emphasized with detailed instruction on pump analysis within pipelines, branching pipe systems, and pipe networks, as well as pump selection and design considerations. The next three chapters cover open channel flow, ground water, and the design of various hydraulic structures. Water flow in open channels is presented in Chapter 6. Detailed discussions of uniform flow (normal depth), rapidly varied flow (hydraulic jumps), and gradually varied flow (classifications and water surface profiles) are included, along with open channel design. The hydraulics of wells and seepage problems are two key topics in Chapter 7 on ground water. Well hydraulics includes coverage of equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions in confined and unconfined aquifers. Chapter 8 introduces some of the most common hydraulic structures such as dams, weirs, spillways, culverts, and stilling basins. Functionality, hydraulic principles, practical considerations, and design procedures are provided. The book ends with four ancillary topics: measurements, model studies, hydrology for hydraulic design, and statistical methods in hydrology. Chapter 9 provides information on the measurement of water pressure, velocity, and discharge in pipes and open channels. The proper use of scaled models is an essential part of hydraulic engineering. As such, the use of hydraulic models and the laws of engineering similitude are covered in Chapter 10. Flow rates are required for the design of all hydraulic structures; many are obtained using the principles of hydrology. The last two chapters introduce common techniques used for obtaining hydrologic design flows. Deterministic procedures are covered in Chapter 11 and statistical methods are covered in Chapter 12. In addition, the design of stormwater collection, transport, and storage systems (routing) is introduced in Chapter 11.