BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES IN ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS: PIONEERING SECURE ENERGY TRANSITIONS

Abstract

Battery technologies (BTs) are increasingly central to the transformation of modern electrical power systems, of fering essential capabilities for integrating intermittent renewable energy sources, enhancing grid reliability, and supporting the decentralization of energy infrastructure. This paper provides a comprehensive review of BT ap plications across utility-scale, industrial, and residential domains, highlighting recent advances in battery chem istries such as lithium-ion, redox flow, and solid-state systems, while evaluating their cost trajectories, performance characteristics, and environmental considerations. The integration of BTs with energy management systems (EMSs) and battery management systems (BMSs) is critically examined, focusing on their roles in real-time optimization, predictive maintenance, state-of-health estimation, and thermal regulation. Notably, emerging strategies driven by artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and model-based control are explored for their potential to enhance operational efficiency and extend battery lifecycle in smart microgrids and building-integrated systems. The paper also addresses ongoing challenges, including high capital costs, degradation uncertainties, safety risks under dynamic conditions, cybersecurity threats in digital EMS/BMS platforms, and the absence of standardized protocols for system interoperability. Case studies from diverse geographic regions are presented to contextualize deployment strategies and policy impacts. Through a synthesis of current research and technology trends, the paper outlines critical areas for future investigation, such as second-life battery utilization, hybrid storage integration, decentralized EMS architectures, and regulatory alignment. These findings contribute to the ongoing development of intelligent, sustainable, and secure battery-based energy solutions that align with global decarbonization and resilience objectives in the evolving landscape of electric power systems.